Description
A Vertical Spread (A.K.A. - Bull Spread or Bear Spread depending on the options selected) is built buying a Call option (or a Put) and simultaneously writing another Call option (Put) with the same expiration date but at a different strike price. The ratio of the options bought and sold is the same (i.e. Buy one call and sell one call or buy one put and sell one put and so on).
Depending on which option is purchased and which is written, a vertical spread can either have a bullish or bearish sentiment.
Bullish Spreads:
* Purchase a Call option and sell a Call at a higher strike. (Debit Spread) AKA Bull Call Spread
* Purchase a Put option at a lower strike and sell a Put at a higher strike price (Credit Spread) AKA Bull Put Spread
Bearish Spreads:
* Purchase a Put strike and sell a Put at a lower strike. (Debit Spread) AKA Bear Put Spread
* Purchase a Call at a higher strike and sell a Call at a lower strike price (Credit Spread) AKA Bear Call Spread
When to use:
Bull Spread: Used by an investor who may like to buy a call and at the same time lower the price paid for the call. The strategist sentiment is bullish (stock price going up). In addition, a credit spread with bullish sentiment (Bull Put Spread) can help the strategist take advantage of time decay of the short option (option sold).
Bear Spread: Used by an investor who may like to buy a put and at the same time lower the price paid for the put. The strategist sentiment is bearish (stock price going down). In addition, a credit spread with a bearish sentiment (Bear Call Spread) can help the strategist take advantage of time decay of the short option (option sold).
Risk/Reward Characteristics
The second option in a vertical spread is generally added because the investor wants to either reduce the cost of a purchased option or cap the loss potential of a written option. The investor is in effect "hedging" his or her opinion.
Break-even Point: Vertical Spread (Call): Lower Strike Price + Spread Price; Vertical Spread (Put): Higher Strike Price - Spread Price
Volatility: The impact of a change in volatility on Vertical Spreads depends on whether one or both of the options are in-the-money and the amount of time until expiration. It is recommended that the option sold has higher volatility than the option bought to take advantage of time decay and volatility reversion to the mean. However, in vertical spreads, volatility of the short and long option is similar and volatility skew is minimal.
Assignment Risk: As is the case with all written options, the investor must continuously monitor the spread for possible assignment of in-the-money options prior to their expiration.